Chapter+1+-+Introduction+to+Human+Anatomy+&+Physiology


 * CHAPTER 1 **
 * INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY **

Critical Thinking Issue
1.   How does the arrangement of parts in the human hand compare in functional effectiveness to analogous parts in other animals? 2. The authors state that “recently, researchers discovered a previously unknown muscle between two bones in the head.” What characteristics would help scientists relate the anatomy of this “new” muscle to its physiology?

Critical Thinking Issue
1.  The sum of all chemical and physical events and reactions in the human body constitutes metabolism. How might diabetes mellitus be defined as a metabolic disease in terms of the ten major characteristics of life?

Application Question
1. P  rovide examples of ways in which the human body requires pressure to maintain life.

Critical Thinking Issue
1.  Water is the most abundant substance in the body. Which properties make water vital to the maintenance of human life in the event of: a. vigorous exercise b. transport of nutrients, gases, and wastes c. food digestion d. movement of bone within a joint cavity

Application Question
1. How can the concept of homeostatic imbalance be applied to the following situations? Can homeostasis be restored? How? a. dental caries b. a kidney stone c. a bulging intervertebral disc

Critical Thinking Issue(s)
1.  How would environmental pollution (air, water, soil) threaten homeostasis and the survival of organisms?

Application Question
1.  Apply the concept of negative feedback mechanisms by comparing a home heating system to the regulation of body temperature in the human body.

Critical Thinking Issue
1.  How does a homeostatic control mechanism regulate blood glucose levels when the level is too high? Too low?

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 6: Explain the levels of organization of the human body.
. **Application Question** 1. Apply the concept of structural complexity by preparing a flow chart, which illustrates the levels of organization for one of the major organ systems of the human body.

Critical Thinking Issue(s)
1.  Apply the concept of levels of structural complexity to an example other than the human body.

Critical Thinking Issue
1.  A boxer received multiple blows to the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic regions. Why are the organs contained in the abdominal region the most vulnerable?

Critical Thinking Issue(s)
1.  How might a physiologist place the organ systems into categories according to their main functions? Use the terms body covering, support and movement, integration and coordination, transport, absorption and excretion, and reproduction.

Lecture Suggestions and Guidelines
1.  Use anatomical terminology to describe relative positions of the body parts. Name each term, define each term, provide an illustration to depict each term, and give practical examples of each. 2.  Demonstrate the three major planes: sagittal, frontal, and transverse, by using anatomical models and textbook photographs. 3.  Introduce terms, which designate body regions. Define the four-quadrant and nine-region systems for describing the subdivisions of the abdomen.

SUGGESTIONS FOR ADDITIONAL READING
Aguilera-Hellweg, Max. July 1996. The Hidden World of Surgery. //Scientific American.// Fitzgerald, Karen. October 1993. Magnetic Apprehensions. //Scientific American//. Radiologists call for more testing of MRI’s effects. Flannery, Maura C. January 1994. Artists and Anatomists. //The American Biology Teacher//, vol. 56. Visual representation is important to the advancement of science. Orci, Lelio, and James E. Rothman. March 1996. Budding Vesicles in Living C